8/3/2023 0 Comments 4d shapes make![]() ![]() The pen-style 3D printer provided a strategy for adopting the pen as a direct 3D fabrication tool, but controlling the pen in empty space was not as fast or convenient as using a pen on a 2D surface. ![]() Despite such advantages, pens have generally been seen as drawing tools for use only on 2D surfaces until the development of a pen-style 3D printer ( 41). Moreover, the pen-based approach can be combined with existing 2D-printing systems (e.g., pen plotter) to achieve high levels of accuracy and mass producibility. These properties have led to adopting the pen to on-site and freestyle fabrication in the fields of microfluidics ( 30– 33), flexible electronics ( 34– 36), wearable devices ( 37, 38), and displays ( 39, 40). Pen drawing provides advantages related to its high accessibility, high portability, freestyle usability, and on-site manufacturability ( 29). In 2D space, the pen is the most creative, convenient, and familiar tool for expressing one’s idea. However, the accessibility of these technologies may be insufficient because of the necessity of transformable smart materials, functional substrates, or additional instruments such as 3D printers that can print out multilayered structures required to implement their transformation mechanisms. 2D-to-3D transformation techniques such as origami ( 5– 11), buckling ( 12– 16), shape memory composites ( 17– 20), and 4D printing ( 21– 28) are implemented by folding, bending, and assembling a 2D planar sheet into a designed 3D structure. Therefore, 2D-to-3D transformation technologies can increase throughput and simplicity in 3D fabrication by constructing a complex 3D structure from easily fabricated 2D initial precursors ( 5– 28). In contrast, 3D fabrication can create tangible real-world objects with a variety of structures, but the design and fabrication processes are relatively slow and complicated. 2D fabrication is simple and suitable for mass production, but its output is limited to planar structures. Transformation of two-dimensional (2D) planar structures into 3D structures has recently emerged as a strategy for incorporating the advantages of 2D-based technology into the fabrication of 3D objects ( 1– 4).
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